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Showing posts with label EDO - Tokyo. Show all posts

12 Feb 2017

EDO - Tsukuda Shima Island

Buyoo Tsukudajima 武陽佃嶌 Tsukuda Island in Musashi Province
葛飾北斎 Katsushika Hokusai

- More details are here :
- source : adachi-hanga.com/ukiyo-e -

Tsukuda-jima in Edo, in Musashi Province (Buyô Tsukuda-jima),
from the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (Fugaku sanjûrokkei)

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Tsukuda-Shima
The boat slides smoothly up onto the sand beach of a small but bustling island. Tsukuda island is a low, sandy islet at the mouth of the Sumida river, which runs through the heart of Edo. Apart from a few patches of trees and small vegetable gardens, the entire island is occupied by a thriving village of fishermen and boat pilots, who make their living from the commerce of Edo Bay.

This island is located in an ideal spot for people who make their living from the sea. It is located right at the mouth of the Sumida river -- the largest waterway in Edo. From here, small boats can easily make their way up the river and through the network of canals to most of the neighborhoods in downtown Edo. To the south, deep water channels extend out into Edo bay. The docks of Shiba and Tsukiji are nearby, so large boats can anchor near the island as they wait to be unloaded.

The volume of goods brought into Edo is so large that no single port could possibly handle it. Although the most important cargoes are unloaded at the docks of Shiba, Tsukiji, Minato and Shinagawa, a lot of ships unload their cargoes directly onto small barges and takase-bune as they lie at anchor here, in the lee of Tsukuda island. The smaller boats then carry the goods through Edo's network of canals and waterways to small, riverside wharves, known as kashi.

Because of its location, Tsukuda island is a convenient spot for barges and small boats to stop while waiting for the large ships to start unloading. The beaches are almost always crowded with small boats, and the few chaya (teahouses) on the island are filled with customers chatting, gossipping and sipping their tea as they wait.

In addition to these visitors, the island is home to a thriving village of fishermen. The residents of Tsukuda island came to Edo in the mid-1600s at the request of Shogun Ieyasu. Edo needed to increase the supply of fish to the city, because its population was growing too fast for the existing fishermen to keep up with demand. To convince people to leave their homes in western Japan and move to Edo, the Shogun offered them the special right to fish anywhere in Edo Bay that they want. Entire villages of fishermen accepted the offer, and moved to Edo, establishing large villages in the "Edo-mae" area, including one on Tsukuda island and one on the other side of the Sumida river, in Fukagawa.

Although these fishermen are not allowed to sell their products to the Shogun and his court, they do supply a large share of the fish bought by average citizens. Edo Bay is a rich source of all kinds of seafood, and the fishermen of Tsukuda island have developed many different methods of catching each type. Solitary fish, such as tai (red snapper) are usually caught with a regular fishing line. Other fish can be caught the same way, but it is usually more effective to use nets.

shirauo ami 白魚網 large net for whitebait (Salanx microdon)
This catch was done from November till March.

The fishermen have developed a wide variety of different nets to catch different types of fish. Triangular nets on the end of long forked poles are used to catch fish that live in the mud at the bottom o the bay, such as hirame (flatfish) or tako (octopus). Small fish that swim in schools, for example iwashi (sardines), can be caught by just one person using a throwing net. But in order to catch larger fish, like saba (mackerel) and katsuo (bonito), the fishermen have to use huge nets, and work together in a group. Sometimes they use nets that are so big, they have to work in large groups, to haul the nets back in to shore.

Most of the fish can be caught right here in Edo Bay, but some of the largest types, such as maguro (tuna), can only be caught out in the open sea. Once in a while, fishing fleets will leave the bay for several days at a time to chase the huge schools of tuna. They may even attempt to catch a whale. When they are successful, these ocean expeditions can be very profitable. A big load of tuna or whale meat will bring a great price in the fishmarkets of Nihonbashi. However, fishing boats are not as well built as cargo ships; storms can blow up at any time out in the open ocean, so long trips to sea can be very risky. Even here in the Bay, life for most fishermen is difficult and dangerous.

Although fishing is the traditional work of the people from Tsukuda island, many of them have now taken new professions. Because of all the ships that anchor in this area to unload their cargoes, there is always demand for experienced boat pilots, who can transport goods from the large, seagoing vessels to the canal-side markets in different parts of the city. Other people work in the city, transporting people from place to place by boat -- as a sort of a "water taxi driver".
- source : Edomatsu

佃沖晴天の不二 Off Tsukuda - Mount Fuji in clear weather
歌川国芳 Utagawa Kuniyoshi (1797 - 1861)

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- - - - - H A I K U and S E N R Y U - - - - -

月影やここ住よしの佃島
tsukikage ya koko Sumiyoshi no Tsujidajima

this moonlight -
here at Sumiyoshi Shrine
at Tsukuda Island
Tr. Gabi Greve

. Takarai Kikaku 宝井其角 (1661 – 1707) / 榎本其角 Enomoto Kikaku .

Tsukuda, Sumiyoshi Shrine　住吉神社

Kawase Hasui 川瀬巴水 (1883-1957)
- Honolulu Museum of Art -

- quote -
Tsukudajima
is on the opposite side of Nishinaka Dori from the Tsukishima Subway Station. Fishermen in Tsukuda Village, Settsu (the current name is Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka City) moved to Tsukudajima under orders from Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1644, and developed the area they had been moved to. As nothing remains the same for long in Tokyo, it has been developed rapidly over recent years but older houses that escaped both the 1923 quake and the infamous air raid remain standing, sandwiched in between enormous skyscrapers.
Shumiyoshi Shrine
is related to the Sumiyoshi Shrine in Osaka. When fishermen from Tsukuda Village in Osaka moved here, they divided the enshrined spirit and established this branch with the part transported to the Kanto region.
Local residents, fishermen and those who work on water often visit the shrine to pray for their safety when at sea.
- source : att-japan.net/en/city -

- reference : tsukuda sumiyoshi shrine -

. Sumiyoshi Jinja 住吉神社 Sumiyoshi Shrines of Japan .
Sumiyoshi Grand Shrine 住吉大社 Sumiyoshi Taisha in Osaka

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名月や佃を越せば寒うなる
山店芭蕉庵小文庫

銀河立つ佃に晦き舟だまり
古舘曹人

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. Japanese Architecture - Interior Design - The Japanese Home .

. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .

. Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. shokunin 職人 craftsman, craftsmen, artisan, Handwerker .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .

. densetsu 伝説　Japanese Legends - Introduction .

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]- - - - - #tsukuda #tsukudani - - - -
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Posted By Gabi Greve to Edo - the EDOPEDIA - on 10/26/2015 09:54:00 am

EDO - Yushima district

湯島天神社 / Hirohsige 広重

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Chiyoda-ku, Sotokanda / Bunkyo-ku, Yushima
After the founding of Edo, this area became a residential area for lower rank vassals of the Shogun, and before long the Yushima-Tenjin Shrine monzencho (a town built originally in front of a temple or shrine) developed.
Yushima-Tenjin Shrine was revered as a god of learning by people of every social station, and lotteries were held within the shrine grounds. From the Genroku Era (1688-1704), the shrine dedicated to Confucius was moved from Ueno-Shinobugaoka, and the Shohei-zaka School was established within the grounds, and became a Shogunate government authorized educational facility.
A Shogunate government riding ground (Sakuranobaba) was established to the west of the shrine, and was used as a forge for cannons at the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate government. During the Edo Period, the area surrounding Kanda Myojin Shrine was made part of Yushima.

- - - - - More ukiyo-e about Yushima
広重 / 湯しま天神坂上眺望 / 湯しま天神雪のあくる日 / 湯しま天満宮 / 湯しま天神
- reference source : national diet library : yushima -

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. Yushima Tenjin 湯島天神 .
Tenman-Gu in Dazaifu 大宰府の天満宮 and 菅原道真 Sugawara Michizane

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Yushima Tenmangu is a Shinto shrine commonly called Yushima Tenjin. This shrine was originally established in 458 A.D. in order to worship Ame no Tajikarao no Mikoto, one of deities appears in the Japanese myths. Later, in February 1355, the spirit of Sugawara Michizane, a historical figure, was also enshrined to venerate his extraordinary virtue as a scholar.

In October 1478, Oota Dokan (1432-86), a war lord in Kanto region, made the shrine building anew. Since then, many scholars and men of letters including Hayashi Doshun and Arai Hakuseki Confucian scholars in Edo period, have worshiped this shrine.
Nowadays many students visit this shrine to express their reverence to the enshrined spirit as Kami of Learning. Especially in the season of school entrance examinations, young students visit to pray for the success of passing examinations, presenting votive tablets called Ema.

ema 絵馬 votive tablet

The shrine is also famous for beautiful blossoms of Ume (Japanese apricot) in the precinct.
In February and March, "Ume Matsuri"(Ume festival) is held, and it attracts many visitors who enjoy the Ume blossoms.
- source : yushimatenjin.or.jp

. Ame no Tajikarao no Kami 天手力男神 / 天手力雄神 .

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Yushima Seidō 湯島聖堂 Yushima Seido, literally "Hall of the Sage in Yushima"
located in the Yushima neighbourhood of Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan, was established as a Confucian temple in the Genroku era of the Edo period (end of the 17th century).
The Yushima Seidō has its origins in a private Confucian temple, the Sensei-den (先聖殿), constructed in 1630 by the neo-Confucian scholar Hayashi Razan (1583–1657) in his grounds at Shinobi-ga-oka (now in Ueno Park). The fifth Tokugawa shogun, Tsunayoshi, moved the building to its present site in 1690, where it became the Taiseiden (大成殿) of Yushima Seidō. The Hayashi school of Confucianism moved at the same time.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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source : ndl.go.jp/landmarks
本郷湯島絵図 Map of Hongo and Yushima

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Yushima - Education at Edo's First University
The Kanda River is a man-made waterway that splits the high land around Kanda in half. The steep-walled valley that carries this river (actually a canal) through Edo was dug in 1638, as part of the Kanda Josui (Kanda water supply) project that Tokugawa Iemitsu organised to supply water to the city. Before that, the whole area was one large plateau. Today, however, the river cuts through a deep valley in the neighborhood known as Ochanomizu, separating two hilly districts. To the south is Surugadai, a residential area filled with the homes of lower-ranking samurai. To the north is Yushima, which is the site of Edo's largest schools, and its only "university" -- the Shoheizaka gakumonsho.

The Yushima area has been a center of culture and learning since Edo was built. In addition to all the schools in the area, which were constructed more recently, this district is also home to several influential shrines that were built even before Tokugawa Ieyasu moved to Edo in 1592. One of them -- Yushima Jinja -- has long been associated with knowledge and learning. Yushima Jinja sits on the top of Yushima hill, which is one of the highest points in the city. This shrine has been one of the prominent buildings in the area since the late Muromachi era.

From the top of the hill, there is a fine view out over the housetops of Kanda and Nihonbashi, and the blue waters of Edo Bay sparkle in the distance. As the city of Edo grew, many popular teahouses and restaurants grew up around the shrine. Customers liked to gather for long conversations at the teahouses, to enjoy the fine view of the city. In time, these teahouses became popular meeting places for teachers, students, academics and artists. They would hold meetings where they would eat, study, discuss important issues, play shogi (Japanese chess) and enjoy the wonderful view.

However, our destination today is not Yushima, which is several minutes walk from the Kanda River, but a smaller hill much closer to the river, known as Shoheizaka. This hill is named after the area where Confucius was born, and it gets its name because it is the main center of Confucian learning and education in Edo. The hill is covered by a cluster of large buildings that house Edo's main gakumonsho (school district). At the center of the district is the official government daigaku (university) established by the first shogun and run by the Hayashi family, who are the hereditary leaders of this university.

Shortly after Tokugawa Ieyasu became shogun, in 1603, he convinced a well-known Confucian scholar from Kyoto, named Hayashi Rinzan (Hayashi Razan), to move to Edo and become one of his main advisors. He needed a very intelligent individual who knew a great deal about government and social structure, and Rinzan was just the man. He helped Ieyasu design the structure for his bakufu government, and develop a set of laws to govern the country. Rinzan built his home in the area near Yushima shrine, and when he was not advising the shogun he gave lectures and tutored the children of leading daimyo and other top government officials.

Many years passed and Rinzan was no longer as busy helping the shogun plan government policy. However, demand for his tutoring continued to increase, so at last he decided to ask the shogun if he could set up his own private school, so he could offer more formal classes. When Ieyasu heard of this plan, he immediately commissioned Rinzan to set up an official government university, to serve all of the samurai families in Edo. He made Hayashi Rinzan the daigaku-no-kashira (head of the university) and decreed that Rinzan's descendants would always inherit this position.

Education is considered very important in Japan. Even farmers in rural areas send their children to the local Buddhist temples to study, or have tutors visit. In the urban areas, well over 90% of the population can read and write. The Buddhist temples across the country play an important role in education. Most Buddhist scriptures are written in Chinese, so in order to understand them, Buddhist monks and priests must study both Japanese and Chinese for many years. Buddhist scholars often travel to China to study, and they bring back many Chinese documents -- not only religious texts, but also books on literature, history, philosophy and so on. For this reason, most Buddhist temples have become centers of knowledge and education. In fact, Hayashi Rinzan was a Buddhist monk before he came to Edo to become Tokugawa Ieyasu's advisor

Ieyasu ordered Hayashi Rinzan to establish a large school that would be open to all children of the samurai class. The working-class people continued to get their education from monks and lay-teachers at the local temples, but Rinzan's new school was to be the main center of learning for the upper classes. Rinzan built the first gakumonsho near his home. It consisted of separate classes for different studies, such as writing, literature, poetry, history, government, and so on. The school was a big success, and it continued to grow steadily.

After Rinzan died, the school was taken over by his son, Hayashi Gaho, who developed a set of courses in different subjects, and who continued to build the reputation of the school. He was succeeded by his son, Hayashi Hoko, who many consider the most influential of all the daigaku-no-kashira. The fifth shogun , Tsunayoshi, was a private student of Hoko, and his early years as a student had a great impression on him. Tsunayoshi was not very athletic, but he loved reading and education. After he became shogun , he tried to repay his old teacher by paying to expand the school that Hayashi Rinzan had founded. In 1691, the shogun set aside a large area of land in Yushima to build larger and more suitable buildings where students could come to study. The area was named Shoheizaka (Shohei hill ) after the place where Confucius was born.

Tsunayoshi believed that education should be available to all people of Edo, so he decreed that the school should be open not only to samurai, but also to lower-class people such as merchants, artisans and farmers, as long as they could afford to pay the school fees. In practice, though, only a few rich merchants were able to send their children to this school. Still, the public lectures held each morning are often attended by commoners, and Yoshitsuna and later shoguns contributed funds to help expand the temple schools (tera-koya ), where the majority of lower-class people get their education.

Today, the gakumonsho is run by the great-grandson of Hayashi Rinzan. Although it has lost some of its influence, and it is no longer quite as open to students from the lower classes, it remains the most important school in Edo -- and probably in all of Japan. There are no grades in the gakumonsho; young and old students attend classes together, though in most of the classes they are separated according to ability. New students start out in courses that teach reading and writing. Younger instructors work with the students one-on-one, teaching them to read and write. At first, the students simply recite the pronunciation of characters and practice writing them. Depending on how quickly the student learns, this phase of study can take anywhere from a few months to two years. There are thousands of characters to learn, and the student must study very hard to learn them all.

After they have developed acceptable reading and writing skills, the students enter classes in reading, literature and mathematics. These classes usually have a few dozen students, and they take turns reading out loud from translations of some of the Chinese Classics, or from famous works of Japanese literature. This not only gives students a basic knowledge of the most important books, but it also helps them improve their reading and comprehension.

The higher-level classes are broken down by subject; for example, students may study history, government, poetry, literature or some other topic. In these classes, the teacher's role is mainly just a moderator. Students debate and discuss with one another the meaning and interpretation of various classic books. A passage will be selected and one student will give a speech explaining their intrepretation. Their classmates will listen, then debate the various interpretations with one another. The teacher may offer suggestions to get the discussion going, but will usually just listen as the students debate. Later, the teacher will give a lecture (often at one of the morning public lectures) and provide their own interpretation of the passage. This method helps the students improve their understanding as well as their debate and discussion skills.

The instruction at tera-koya (temple schools) is similar to that at the gakumonsho, but very few students pass beyond the first two stages, which teach reading, writing, literature and mathematics. Math skills are particularly important for merchant families, and nearly everyone learns how to use a soroban (abacus) in their first year at school. Although boys and girls are kept in separate classes at the tera-koya schools, girls receive nearly the same type of instruction as the boys. At some schools, girls make up nearly half of the total number of students.
This is much more than in rural areas, where girls tend to go to school for only a few years.
- source : Edomatsu

. Shooheizaka Gakumonjo 昌平坂学問所 Shoheizaka Gakumonjo .
and other gakumonjo 学問所 Academies of Higher Learning in the Edo period

. Hayashi Razan 林羅山 (1583-1657) . - Confucian Scholar

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猿飴の湯島の宮の七五三
saruame no Yushima no Miya no shichi go san

the Shichi-Go-San festival
at Yushima Shrine
with Monkey Sweets
Tr. Gabi Greve

. Mizuhara Shūōshi 水原秋櫻子 Mizuhara Suoshi (1892-1981) .

. shichi go san 七五三 "seven five three" ritual .
- - kigo for early winter - -

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. Kanda 神田 Kanda district　 .

. Japanese Architecture - Interior Design - The Japanese Home .

. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .

. Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. shokunin 職人 craftsman, craftsmen, artisan, Handwerker .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .

. densetsu 伝説　Japanese Legends - Introduction .

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]- - - - - #yushima #edobakufu #yushimatenjin - - - -
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Posted By Gabi Greve to Edo - the EDOPEDIA - on 10/24/2015 09:56:00 am

9 Feb 2017

EDO - Kanda district

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .
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Kanda 神田 Kanda district　　

神田 "field for the gods" :
The land was under the directive of Ise Jingu Shrine to grow rice for the Shrine offerings.
Kanda has a lot of sub-districts, one of the most famous modern is
Jinbōchō 神保町 Jinbocho - the largest bookstore district in Japan.

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Kanda (神田) is a district in 千代田 Chiyoda ward, Tokyo.
It encompasses about thirty neighborhoods. Kanda was a ward prior to 1947, when the 35 wards of Tokyo were reorganized into 23.
It is home to the Kanda Myojin (Shinto) shrine, devoted to Taira no Masakado, who led a rebellion against the central government during the Heian period. In the Edo period, the shrine's festival was one of the three most famous in the city.
Kanda is also the home of the Tokyo Resurrection Cathedral which was built by Nicholas of Japan and is the main Cathedral of the Japanese Orthodox Church.
A popular Japanese television series, Zenigata Heiji,
features a fictitious police patrolman (the title character) whose beat is Kanda. Near the end of every show, Heiji fells the bastardly villain by throwing a coin at him.
- Neighborhoods in Kanda (a long list to check)

The Kanda River (神田川 Kandagawa)
stretches 24.6 km from Inokashira Park in Mitaka to the Sumida River under the Ryōgoku Bridge at the boundary of Taitō, Chūō, and Sumida. Its entire length lies within Tokyo, Japan. It drains an area of 105.0 km².
The government of Japan classifies it as a Class I river. ...
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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Kanda 神田
During the Tokugawa shogunate, the Kanda district used to lie at the heart of Edo and constituted the "uptown"
(as opposed to "shitamachi" areas like Asakusa), where nobles and rich businessmen lived, close to the Imperial palace.
It is now a mixed of business district, universities, shrines, pachinko parlours and adult shops. The area around Kanda station itself is of little interest to short-term visitors. Most of the sights are located around 御茶ノ水 Ochanomizu station, in northern Kanda.
The Kanda Matsuri,
Tokyo's second biggest traditional festival (after the Sanja Matsuri in Asakusa) takes place early May at the Kanda Myōjin. During the Edo era, it was one of the few "matsuri" allowed to enter the grounds of Edo Castle. ...
Ochanomizu 御茶ノ水 (literally "tea water")
is the name of a station in the northern part of the Kanda neighbourhood. Ochanomizu is not in itself an official district nor a postal address.
The area covers the districts of Kanda-Surugadai (神田駿河台) and Soto-Kanda (外神田).
The place was named after the river from which water was extracted to make the shōgun's tea during the Edo period.
Jimbochō 神保町 (Jinbocho)
is Tokyo's bookshop district. Like Ochanomizu it is only a station name, serving western Kanda. It is an academic neighbourhood with lots of schools and two universities (Meiji Daigaku and Nihon Daigaku) reaching as far as Ochanomizu station. The area therefore abounds with students. Jimbochō's bookshops offer everything from rare, antique books to hentai manga. Most of the shops are concentrated along the Yasukuni-dōri Avenue and are small and privately owned.
Sanseidō is the only big bookshop spreading a several floors. It is located at crossing of Yasukuni-dōri and Meiji-dōri Avenues. You will find plenty of English books (and some French and German ones too) at the 5th floor.
- source : wa-pedia.com/japan-guide -

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Kanda - The Estate of Lord Matsudaira 松平屋敷
A short distance from Nihonbashi, just to the north of the high-class shopping districts occupied by the leading merchants, Mitsui Echigo-ya, Ise-ya and Maru-ya, the land rises suddenly from the flat, low-lying districts of the shita-machi (downtown) area to a green, tree-studded plateau. This is the Kanda district, which marks the southwest fringe of the Yama-no-te, the hilly half of the city, where most wealthy samurai have their estates.

When Edo was first built, there was a very large hill in this area known as Kanda-yama. It was the highest point in the entire area, rising above even the neighboring hill where Edo Castle now sits. Tokugawa Ieyasu had his men level this hill, and use the excavated earth to fill in the marshes along the shores of the bay. That is how the downtown area was reclaimed from the sea. Today, all that is left of Kanda hill is a low, flat-topped plateau that overlooks downtown Edo. Since it is located close to Edo Castle and also close to the center of town, many of the leading officials in the Shogun's government have their homes in Kanda. One of these officials is my master, Lord Matsudaira, who is a member of the six-man committee which directly advises the Shogun.

Matsudaira is a very noble family name, since all members of the Matsudaira clan are closely related to the Shogun. In order to ensure that there are no serious squabbles over the succession to the position of shogun, everyone who is more than two generations removed from the current shogun must give up the name Tokugawa and choose another name. Many of the people who had to choose a new family name -- particularly those that were closely related to the first shogun (Ieyasu) or the third shogun (Iemitsu) -- took the name Matsudaira. Although they no longer are considered members of the Shogun's "family", the Matsudairas all maintain close links to the central government, and many of them hold top positions in the bakufu (military government), or in the government of Edo.

Lord Matsudaira's estate is in the center of a neighborhood known as "uchi-Kanda" (inner Kanda). About fifty years after Kanda hill was leveled to build downtown Edo, workmen dug a canal through the middle of the plateau to carry water from the rivers to the northwest of the city into the Sumida river. This was part of the elaborate water system that now supplies Edo with drinking water. The canal was named "Kanda-gawa" (the Kanda river) and since it split the plateau in half, the part closest to Edo castle acquired the name "uchi" (inner) Kanda and the part on the opposite side of the river took the name "soto" (outer) Kanda.

Distribution of Daimyo Yashiki around Edo castle

The Matsudaira estate, like most of the manors maintained by influential samurai, is entirely surrounded by a high wall, whitewashed on the outside and surmounted by an overhanging tiled roof. The roof serves two purposes -- it helps reduce the impact of rain on the packed-earth-and-plaster walls, and it makes it harder for an intruder to climb over the wall. The front gate to the residence is also very solid and imposing. A guardhouse is located right near the gate, and the quarters of the Daimyo's personal guard are right nearby. All high-ranking samurai are allowed to maintain their own private corps of guards at their residences, though there are strict rules on how many men a certain daimyo can employ and how many are allowed to travel with him through the city streets when he goes out.

The wall, the guardhouse and the private bodyguard are all relics of the old days, when leading warlords did not yet trust one another. During the period of civil war, a daimyo's residence was like a small fortress, and the defensive measures were often put to use. Competing daimyo frequently tried to raid one another's manors in Kyoto or one of the other major towns. The rules on the size of each "private army" in Edo were designed to ensure that the daimyo felt safe at home, but would not have enough men to organize an effective revolt against the Shogun. Nowadays, though, the rules are largely ceremonial, and the number of men in the private bodyguard are simply a mark of a person's rank and status.

Once inside the imposing wall, the Matsudaira estate looks like a park. There are acres of beautiful, carefully tended gardens filled with flowers and dotted by ponds and streams. The estates of the major samurai are meticulously maintained by gardeners and servants, and in some cases, these beautifully landscaped gardens almost seem like a paradise. Most of the land inside the estate is actually taken up by these gardens.

Matsudaira yashiki (Matsudaira's manor) is an ornate, sprawling building with many wings leading off in different directions, yet it looks small compared to the vast sprawl of the estate. The building is located next to a small pond, which provides a fine view from the main building. Originally, though, it also had a more practical function, as a line of defence against attack, and a source of water in case the manor came under seige.

The building has dozens of rooms, walkways and semi-detached apartments, since it is home to not only the entire Matsudaira family, but all their servants and retainers as well. The complex can be divided into several sections on the basis of their function. At the center, and facing the front gates, are the rooms where the daimyo meets visitors and conducts business. The household staff lives in small rooms on the wings that lead off from these large, central meeting halls.

To one side of the central halls are the kitchens and storerooms. These are usually located close to the quarters where household staff sleep. These two parts of the house tend to be the busiest. There are people bustling to and fro all day. The guards, as well as visitors to the manor, never go into the private apartments at the rear of the manor; therefore, the main halls and the servants quarters are where most people in the household spend their time. The kitchens are often huge halls detatched from the main buildings. A daimyo's manor needs to have a big kitchen. Since there can be well over a hundred people living on the estate of a high-ranking daimyo, it is a full-time job for several cooks and assistants just to keep everyone in the household fed. Behind the large building at the the front of the manor, and attached to it by long corridors or covered walkways, is the main residence. There are several wings, each occupied by one of the daimyo's wives or one of his elder children. Their private rooms, as well as the quarters of their personal servants, are clustered together. The rooms are arranged with communal living space, kitchens and guest rooms in the front, and the women's quarters furthest back.

Also located near the back of the manor complex are the washrooms and toilets. These are usually at opposite ends of a corridor in the rear of the building. The baths are a very important part of a daimyo's manor. The Japanese love to soak in a hot o-furo (bathtub) at the end of a long day. Nothing else is quite so relaxing in the evening as a nice, hot bath.

Although some of the central buildings are quite impressive, with high, soaring roofs of ceramic tile, most of the manor has only one story, perhaps with a loft for storage or for the servants to use as sleeping quarters. This is largely a practical matter. Although two and three-story buildings are quite common in the downtown area, the upper rooms of large buildings can be unbearably hot in the summer. One-story structures with wide doorways and breezeways are much more comfortable during the long, hot summer months.

There are few furnishings inside the manor. The main meeting rooms are covered with tatami (straw mats), and there is hardly any furniture apart from cushions to sit on (zabuton) and perhaps a small table or a wooden armrest for the daimyo to lean on. When guests eat in these halls, portable wooden table-trays are brought in with the food already on the table. After the guests finish eating, the tables are taken away, along with all the dishes.

In the private apartments, there are a few more furnishings. The women, in particular, may have a number of small tables or stands to put trinkets and jewelry. The daimyo's wives and daughters will probably have small tables in their bedrooms, a large chest or a rack for hanging kimono and a vanity table where they can put on their makeup.

In the evening, the servants will bring in a few lanterns. These are wooden or metal stands with a small oil lamp on top, and a large paper shade on top to block any wind that might blow out the lamp. The only other piece of furniture that is commonly found in people's homes are folding screens, made of wood frames covered by paper. These screens are used mainly for decoration, and they are usually painted with beautiful scenes in vivid colors. The screens are also used to provide a measure of privacy. There are many people in the manor, and particularly in the summer time, all of the sliding doors (shoji are left open to provide a breeze. Therefore, when people are changing clothes or sleeping, they set the folding screens around their bed to provide some privacy.
- source : Edomatsu

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. Daimyoo yashiki　大名屋敷 Daimyo Yashiki Residence .
There were three types in Edo :
shimo yashiki 下屋敷 / naka yashiki 中屋敷 / kami yashiki 上屋敷

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- - - Kanda subdistricts featured in the Edopedia 神田 :

Daikuchoo　神田大工町 Kanda Daikucho, carpenter district

Iwamotochō 神田岩本町 Kanda Iwamotocho

Kamakurachoo 神田鎌倉町 Kanda Kamakuracho

Kajichoo, Kajimachi 神田鍛冶町 Kanda Kajicho

Kijibashi 神田雉子橋 Kanda Kiji-Bashi Bridge

Konyachō 神田紺屋町 Kanda Konyacho

Renjakuchoo, Renjaku machi 神田連雀町 Kanda Renjaku-Cho

Shirakabechoo　神田白壁町　Kanda Shirakabe-Cho

Surugadai　神田駿河台 Kanda Surugadai

. Shrine 神田明神 Kanda Myojin .
at Soto-Kanda (across the river), between the Ochanomizu and Akihabara Stations.
and
Taira no Masakado 平将門 (? – 940)

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- - - - - More to explore :

Higashi-Kanda 東神田 Higashi Kanda
Nishi-Kanda 西神田 Nishi Kanda
Soto-Kanda - 外神田 Soto Kanda - 秋葉原 Akihabara
Uchi-Kanda 内神田 Uchi Kanda

Aioichō 神田相生町 Kanda Aioicho
Awajichō 神田淡路町 Kanda Awajicho
Hanaokachō 神田花岡町 Kanda Hanaokacho
Higashikonyachō 神田東紺屋町 Kanda Higashikonyacho
Higashimatsushitachō 神田東松下 Kanda Higashimatsushitacho
Hirakawachō 神田平河町 Kanda Hirakawacho
Izumichō 神田和泉町 Kanda Izumicho
Kitanorimonochō 神田北乗物町 Kanda Kitanorimonocho
Matsunagachō 神田松永町 Kanda Matsunagacho
Mikurachō 神田美倉町 Kanda Mikuracho
Misakichō 三崎町 Misakicho (borders Nishi-Kanda)
Mitoshirochō 神田美土代町 Kanda Mitoshirocho
Neribeichō 神田練塀町 Kanda Neribeicho
Nishifukudachō 神田西福田町 Kanda Nishifukudacho
Nishikichō 神田錦町 Kanda Nishikicho
Ogawamachi 神田小川町 Kanda Ogawamachi
Sakumachō 神田佐久間町 Kanda sakumacho
Sakumagashi 神田佐久間河岸 Kanda Sakumagashi
Sarugakuchō 猿楽町 Sarugakucho (borders Surugadai)
Sudachō 神田須田町 Kanda Sudacho
..... - reference source : KANDA SUDACHO archive-japanasitis -
Tachō 神田多町 Kanda Tacho
Tomiyamachō 神田富山町 Kanda Tomiyamacho
Tsukasamachi 神田司町 Kanda Tsukasamachi

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. Japanese Legends - 伝説　民話　昔話 – ABC-List .

Kanda Myoojin 神田明神 Kanda Myojin and Taira no Masakado 平将門
Madakado was a very strong man and could fight seven people all alone. When Tawara Tōda 俵藤太 "Rice-bag Tōda" finally cut off his head, the head still kept pursuing him, and finally came to rest in Kanda. It did not die for seven days and kept the eyes rolling, watching people.
Finally Masakado's head mound was erected and the Shrine Kanda Myojin built to appease his soul.
Masakado became the protector of 弓矢の守護神 warriors fighting with bow and arrow.

Kubizuka 将門塚 Head Mound of Masakado and the Toad
When Mitsui Bussan tried to build an office 三井物産ビル, they wanted to buy the land with the 将門塚 Head Mound Kubizuka of Masakado. But they were afraid of the curse of Masakado 将門の祟り and bought a different plot.

When 若王子信行 Wakaoji Nobuyuki (1933 - 1989) was kidnapped in the Philippines in 1986, the company 三井物産 Mitsui Bussan prayed for his safe return.
They made an offering of a huge gamagaeru ガマガエル toad to the 将門塚 Masakado Mound.
(-gaeru, kaeru is a pun with 帰る to come home safely.)

. Taira no Masakado 平将門 / 平將門 Legends .

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. Yanagimori Jinja 柳森神社 Shrine .
千代田区神田須田町2-25 Chiyoda, Kanda, Sudacho
venerating
o-Tanuki san　おたぬきさん the honorable Tanuki badger

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- reference : Nichibun Yokai Database -

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. Japanese Architecture - Interior Design - The Japanese Home .

. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .

. Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. shokunin 職人 craftsman, craftsmen, artisan, Handwerker .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .

. densetsu 伝説　Japanese Legends - Introduction .

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[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]- - - - - #kandadistrict #kanda #tairamasakado #masakado - - - -
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Posted By Gabi Greve to Edo - the EDOPEDIA - on 10/06/2015 09:14:00 am

5 Feb 2017

EDO - Tsukiji Kabuki

https://edoflourishing.blogspot.jp/2015/10/tsukiji-district-kabuki-tsuji.html

Tsukiji district Kabuki tsuji

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- quote
Tsukiji - Visit to a Kabuki Theater
There are many different types of entertainment in Edo, appealing to people of all sorts of tastes and classes. In addition to the frequent festivals at local temples or shrines, those who enjoy sports can often take in a horse race or a sumo tournament. Those who enjoy more sedate forms of entertainment may go to a musical performance, or go to see the professional comedians at rakugo (comedy story) theaters. Wealthy samurai and even some merchants will often take in a performance of noh -- an ancient and "high-class" type of drama. However, for most of the people in Edo, the most popular form of evening entertainment is the popular theater -- kabuki drama.

The main kabuki theaters in Edo are located in the Tsukiji neighborhood. This form of drama is extremely popular with the lower classes, and wealthy merchants often contribute large amounts of money to help support companies of kabuki actors. Almost everyone in Edo knows the names of the most famous actors, and some famous artists have published books of pictures showing the top kabuki actors dressed in their gaudy and colorful costumes. In the early years of the Edo shogunate, kabuki drama was viewed as vulgar and a corrupting influence. For that reason, samurai were forbidden to attend. Although the rules are still officially in effect, nowadays kabuki has become popular with all classes, though high-ranking samurai will usually wear a disguise if they attend a public performance.

The top kabuki theaters are all located in an area near the Nishi Honganji temple. This temple is a branch of the Nishi Honganji temple in Kyoto, a very old and powerful temple, the headquarters of the Jodo ("pure land") sect of Buddhism. The temple is very important and powerful, with close connections to the family of the Emperor. Even this branch temple in Edo is a huge and imposing building. It is one of the few large temples left in the center of the city. The others all moved to the suburbs after the great Meireki Fire, in 1656. The main hall of the temple towers above the roofs of all the surrounding buildings, and it can be seen from far away. Boats sailing into Edo Bay even use it as a landmark to tell what direction to sail as they approach the city.

The neighborhood surrounding the temple is a crowded, bustling clutter of row houses, small shops, piers and warehouses. Tsukiji is home to most of the dockworkers and boat pilots who transport goods throughout the city. Apart from the Fukagawa neighborhood, on the opposite bank of the Sumida River, Tsukiji is the most "blue-collar" district in the city. Since this area is a center of the shomin (working-class people) in Edo, it is no surprise that it also is the headquarters of most kabuki groups.

Several different kabuki acting companies operate theaters in the Tsukiji area. Kabuki acting is a closed profession -- only members of certain families can become actors. Although there are several minor families, the four main family names in kabuki acting are Nakamura, Ichikawa, Ichimura and Onoe. All of the actors in kabuki dramas are men. The female parts in the dramas are played by actors called onnagata, who specialize in women's roles. The onnagata ("woman-style actor") spend their entire lives practicing to act and speak like women. Some of them even insist on wearing women's clothes when they are not on stage, so they will become used to behaving like a woman all the time. This training is very effective -- when you see them on stage, it is hard to tell that the onnagata are really men.

Originally, many -- if not most -- of the actors were women. In fact, the person who invented kabuki was a woman. Her name was Okuni, and she was originally a shrine attendant at the Izumo shrine. She did a lot of traditional noh acting, but she wanted to do something a bit more exciting and less formal. (although the high-class officials like noh, many people from the lower classes think it is incredibly boring!) She began acting in her own dramas at a makeshift stage in Kyoto, and the new style of acting became so popular that soon many kabuki companies had been formed. Unfortunately, the performances in Edo soon got to be very bawdy, and many people started going to the performances just to watch the beautiful women and their sexy costumes.

The Shogun decided that these performances were getting out of hand -- some of them had become almost like striptease shows -- so a law was passed making it illegal for women to act in kabuki dramas. In the long run, this was good for kabuki, because it forced people to concentrate on writing good dramas and acting, instead of just having plenty of beautiful women in revealing costumes. One of the most famous playwriters, named Chikamatsu Monzaemon, started to work at about this time, and he helped change kabuki completely. Monzaemon was one of the first professional playwrights in kabuki. Before the Shogun outlawed women actors, most plays had been written by the actors themselves. Monzaemon could be considered the "Shakespeare of Japan", because every playwright who came after him has been influenced by his work.

The kabuki theater is a fairly large building with elaborate decorations framing the entrance. In addition to elaborate carvings over the wooden doorway, there are also many brightly-colored posters of the top actors and "actresses" plastered around the entrance to the theater. Some of the younger kabuki actors are waiting at the entrance to welcome people to the theater and to sell tickets. The acting company is organized along a very strict hierarchy. Everyone in the acting troupe has a rank, and knows who is their superior and inferior. The top actors always get the lead roles in the plays, and they are allowed to order around the younger members of the company. Younger kabuki actors must spend many years doing all of the "dirty work", and studying from their superiors before they get a chance to act. If they are not very talented, they will probably spend most of their career chanting or playing a musical instrument in the "orchestra" which accompanies the performance. However, if they are good at acting, they may rise to play one of the secondary roles in a major production. Depending on the crowd's reaction, they might even get to be a leading actor or the lead onnagata one day.

The kabuki theaters all have a similar sort of layout -- on the first floor are cubicles with tatami mats, where the wealthier spectators sit -- sort of like "box seats". The stage is in the very front of the theater, but a long, narrow extension of the stage runs down one side of the hall to the center of the audience. This is called the hanamichi ("flower path"). When an actor is performing a very emotional scene, they will walk down the hanamichi, and deliver their lines from the very center of the audience. The people in the very best seats could literally reach out and touch the actor. This is often the high point of the drama, and the impact on the audience is tremendous.

On the opposite side of the stage from the hanamichi is a tall screen, and behind the screen sits the "orchestra" which accompanies the play. Kabuki dramas are not really "musicals", since the actors do not sing. However, the orchestra plays background music to accompany most of the scenes, and from time to time one of the actors (especially one of the onnagata) may perform a short dance.

On three sides of the theater are balconies where poorer people can get inexpensive tickets. However, even many of the wealthier people think it is more fun to watch kabuki from the balcony. People are much rowdier and more relaxed. Also, many of the actors have their own "fan clubs" who sit in the balcony and shout out cheers of encouragement at certain points in the drama.

Kabuki dramas are always very colorful and dramatic. The actors have developed all sorts of "special effects" that make the drama even more interesting. For example, there are many trap doors in the stage and behind the scenery, so actors often appear on stage suddenly, as if from nowhere. Another technique that the actors use is to wear one costume underneath another. Stage hands are waiting behind the curtain to help them get one costume off quickly. With practice, they can change into a completely different costume in just three or four seconds . The crowd is amazed when an actor dressed as an old man walks off the stage in one direction and appears a split second later on the opposite side of the stage dressed as a young samurai. It almost seems like magic!

Perhaps the most famous kabuki drama is the "Chushingura". This play is adapted from the story of the 47 samurai , and the people of Edo love to watch it. However, the bakufu has rules against any play that depicts people or events that have occurred recently. They don't want kabuki to be used as a way of complaining about the Government or satirizing unpopular people. Therefore, the story in the Chishingura has been changed slightly, and the setting has been moved to Kamakura in the 1200s. Of course, everyone knows what the drama is really about, so it doesn't make any difference that the "names were changed to protect the innocent".
- source : Edomatsu

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. Kabuki Theater 歌舞伎 .
kumadori 隈取 painting of the face and more

. WKD : Edo Sanza 江戸三座
the three famous Kabuki theaters of Edo .

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Tsukiji no tatsujin 築地の達人 Great masters of Tsukiji
Three different root vegetables pickled in Soy sauce:
「江戸ごぼう」- 「江戸歌舞伎漬」 - 「おかか生姜」

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source : library.metro.tokyo.jp/portals

Tokyo Tsukiji hoteru kan 東京築地ホテル館 Tokyo Tsukiji Hotel Building
歌川芳虎 Utagawa Yoshitora, 1870
The first Western-style hotel in Tokyo.

Poster Print by Utagawa Hiroshige III (1843 - 1894)
source : amazon.com/ ...

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. Dolls with Kabuki Makeup .

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The word 築地 tsukiji (tsuiji) is used for other things.

. 築地 - tsuijibei 築地塀 Tsuiji wall, tile-roofed mud wall .

. Japanese Legends - 伝説　民話　昔話 – ABC-List .

奥州菊田郡泉村に判官屋敷という築地の跡がある。その中を耕作すると祟りがあるという。これは磐城判官だった正氏という人が住んでいたところだという。

築地にあった御救小屋が愛宕に移されたのは夜中に焼死者の幽霊が出るためだという。しかしその正体は人を驚かして物を盗ろうとした盗賊だった。

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京都府 Kyoto

Neko no magari 猫の曲り "The Cat Corner"
The corner of the South-East 築地塀（ついじべい） Tsuiji fence of temple To-Ji is called "Neko no Magari" and is feared as a place where ghosts and spooks reside. If people pass around this corner, they will experience misfortune. So even today a bridal procession will never pass along this corner.
This explanation goes back to the Heian period and the belief in the animal deities of the Four Directions. A statue of each one had been erected at the appropriate corner of the temple.
The statue of Byakko 白虎, the White Tiger in the West, had looked very much like a cat and people called it neko no magari-kado 猫の曲がり角 , the corner where the cat turns. But the statue had been removed at the beginning of the Meiji period.
Careful, maybe the protector deity of the West had been mis-placed in the South-East for some unknown reason and thus caused trouble ?!

There is another simpler explanation:
Since this corner is located in daily sunshine, many alley cats have come to live here.

. 東寺七不思議 Seven Wonders of Temple To-Ji .

. "Tozai Nanboku 東西南北" - the Four Directions .

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Tsukubai no Tsuji 蹲踞辻

One corner of the fence around the 京都御所 Kyoto Gosho Imperial palace is called Tsubaki no Tsuji.
Is people pass here late at night, they often suddenly get lost and loose their way.

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長野県 Nagano 小県郡 Chiisagata district 武石村 Takeshi

お仙ヶ淵 Osengafuchi - 大蛇 Huge Serpent
Once upon a long time,
three siblings suddenly came along and took up residence in the village. The oldest was sister お仙 O-Sen, next was brother 庄兵衛 Shohei and the youngest was 金次郎 Kinjiro. But shortly after they came, things in the village went awfully wrong. Almost every night some cattle was stolen. And often some large scales from 大蛇 a huge snake were left behind. The villagers soon realized that the three siblings were in fact large serpents and tried to get rid of them. But they were much afraid of a curse of the serpent, if they would harm the animals.
So they decided to declare them as deities and hold rituals for them.
O-Sen was worshipped at お仙ヶ淵 O-Sen-ga-fuchi, Shohei at 築地原の菖蒲池 the pond Shobu-Ike at Tsukijihara and Kinjiro at the pond 金次郎池 Kinjiro-Ike.
After that, the stealing and killing of their cattle stopped in the village.

お仙ヶ淵 Osengafuchi

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- reference : Nichibun Yokai Database -

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- - - To join me on facebook, click the image !

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. Japanese Architecture - Interior Design - The Japanese Home .

. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .

. Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. shokunin 職人 craftsman, craftsmen, artisan, Handwerker .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .

. densetsu 伝説　Japanese Legends - Introduction .

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]- - - - - #tsukiji #kabukiedo - - - -
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23 Jan 2017

EDO Temples - Gofunai temples 08 and 09

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
. Gofunai 御府内八十八ヶ所霊場 88 Henro Temples in Edo .
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Nr. 08 - Chooonji 長遠寺 Choon-Ji
Magome Fudoo 馬込不動 Magome Fudo

- 海岳山 Kaigakusan　大乗院 Daijo-in　長遠寺 Choon-Ji
大田区南馬込5-2-10 / 5 Chome-2-10 Minamimagome, Ōta ward
Shingon Sect : 智山派

source : goshuin.blog.jp/archives

This temple was founded in 1108 by 宥尊上 Saint Yutaka.
The main statue is 不動明王 Fudo Myo-O.
The temple was lost in a fire around 1335, but later moved to its present location in 1502.
Around 1700, 快慶 Kaikei renovated and added more halls.
The present main hall was built in 1861 by 宥円 Saint Yuen.
The temple also houses a statue of 十一面観音 Eleven-Headed Kannon from temple 目黒行人坂光雲寺 Koun-Ji,
which was carved by 行基 Saint Gyoki in 724.

- ご詠歌 - chant of the temple Kumataniji 熊谷寺 Kumadani-Ji in Shikoku :
たきぎとり水熊谷の寺に来て　難行するも後の世のため
Takigi tori mizu kumatani no tera ni kite nangyo suru mo nochi no yo no tame

- 朱印 - stamp of the temple :

Also Nr. 72 at the Tamagawa Henro Pilgrimage 玉川八十八ヶ所霊場72番札所.
- Homepage of the temple
- source : tesshow.jp/ota

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Memorial Stone for Kobo Daishi

Roku Jizo in the temple compound

. Roku Jizō 六地蔵 Roku Jizo, Six Jizo Statues .

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Nr. 09 - Ryuuganji 龍巖寺 / 龍岩寺 Ryugan-Ji

- 古碧山 Kohekizan　龍巖寺 Ryugan-Ji
渋谷区神宮前2-3-8 / 2 Chome-3-8 Jingūmae, Shibuya
Rinzai Sect :禅宗臨済派古碧山 - the only temple that belongs to the Rinzai Zen sect.
- Note that it is not allowed in the compound to take photos.

This temple was founded by 弘法大師 Kobo Daishi, the exact date is not clear.
The main statue is 釈迦如来 Shaka Nyorai, with 文殊 Monju Bosatsu and 普賢 Fugen Bosatsu at its side.

The temple was later erected in the abandoned ground of the 半右衛門 Headman Hanemon in 1622, and in 1603 the first temple hall was erected in 原宿村 Harajuku Village.

In the compound is a 弁天社 Shrine for Benten and a statue of Ugajin.

. Ugajin　宇賀神 Uga no Mitama, Shinto goddess .

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- ご詠歌 - chant of the temple 法輪寺 HorinJi in Shikoku :
大乗のひほうもとがもひるがえし　転法輪の縁とこそきけ
Daijō no hihō mo togamo hirugaeshi tenbōrin no en to koso kike

- 朱印 - stamp of the temple :

- Homepage of the temple
- source : tesshow.jp/shibuya/temple

. Introduction of Shaka Nyorai .

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- reference : 御府内八十八長遠寺 -
- reference : 御府内八十八龍巖寺 -

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- Koya San in Wakayama 和歌山　高野山　-

- Kobo Daishi Kukai 弘法大師　空海 (774 - 835) -

. Gyoki Bosatsu 行基菩薩 (668 - 749) Saint Gyōki .

. Shikoku Henro Temple List 四国遍路　 .

. Gofunai 御府内八十八ヶ所霊場 Pilgrimage to 88 Henro Temples in Edo .
- Introduction -

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. Join the Updates of Facebook ! .

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. Japan - Shrines and Temples - ABC .

. Welcome to Edo 江戸 ! – The Edopedia .

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Posted By Gabi Greve to Gokuraku - Jigoku on 12/29/2016 10:46:00 am